Home > Article Index > GENERAL CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Laboratory Practice, Education, Statistics, and Quality Control

Reference Values and Biological Variation

Specimen Collection and Processing; Sources of Error and Artifact

GENERAL > Laboratory Practice, Statistics, and Quality Control (back to top)

Are we really communicating? Standard terminology versus terminology standards in veterinary clinical pathology [editorial]. Case J. 2005;34(1):5-6. PubMed LINK | FullText/PDF

Clinical hematology practices at veterinary teaching hospitals and private diagnostic laboratories. Gaunt SD, Prescott-Mathews JS, King WW, Scholl DT. 1995;24(2):64-67. PubMed ABSTRACT

Closing the supply versus demand gap for veterinary pathologists: a multifaceted problem in need of a multifaceted solution. Cockerell GL, Patterson DR. 2005;34(3):179-180. PubMed LINK | FullText/PDF

Comments on clinical hematology [editorial]. Schalm OW. 1977;6(3):5-6.

Comparing laboratory tests using the difference plot method. Jensen AL, Bantz M. 1993;22(2):46-48. PubMed LINK

Cytologic diagnosis: expression of probability by clinical pathologists. Christopher MM, Hotz CS. 2004;33(2):84-95. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Development of a teaching laboratory aid for instruction of fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology technique. Simpson MR, Meuten DJ. 1992;21(2):40-44. PubMed ABSTRACT

Evaluation of analytical performance assisted by total error criteria of a commercial enzyme immunometric assay for canine serum thyrotropin. Lundorff Jensen A, Iversen L, Høier R. 1999;28(2):53-56. PubMed ABSTRACT

Financial and organizational support needed to expand veterinary pathology training programs [letter]. Harris RK, Rousseaux CG. 2005;34(3):178. PubMed LINK | FullText/PDF

A good prognosis for the future of laboratory diagnostics. Relford R. 2000;29(2):38-39. PubMed LINK | PDF

Guidelines for resident training in veterinary clinical pathology. I. Clinical chemistry. Christopher MM, Stokol T, Sharkey L. 2003;32(4):202-208. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Guidelines for resident training in veterinary clinical pathology. II. Hematology. Sharkey L, Wellman M, Christopher MM. 2006;35(4):382-387. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Hematology of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus plumbeus: standardization of complete blood count techniques for elasmobranchs. Arnold JE. 2005;34(2):115-123. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Improving the quality of reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: let's STARD now [editorial]. Christopher MM. 2007;36(1):6. PubMed ABSTRACT

Internal quality control of a turbidimetric immunoassay for canine serum C-reactive protein based on pooled patient samples. Kjelgaard-Hansen M, Jensen AL, Kristensen AT. 2004;33(3):139-144. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

International standardization of acute phase proteins. JG Skinner. 2001;30(1):2-7. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Introduction to ISO 15189: a blueprint for quality systems in veterinary laboratories. Freeman KP, Bauer N, Jensen AL, Thoresen S. 2006;35(2):157-171. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Mechanism-based diagnostic reasoning: thoughts on teaching introductory clinical pathology. Bender HS, Lockee BB, Danielson JA, Mills EM, Boon GD, Burton JK, Vermeer PJ, Zimmerman KL, Hilmer KM. 2000;29(3):77-83. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

"Minding our own business": veterinary clinical pathologists in industrial research and development [editorial]. Carakostas MC. 1989;18(1):4-6.

Postgraduate training programs in veterinary clinical pathology in the United States and Canada (1998-2002). Christopher MM, Schultze AE, Bird KE. 2003;32(3):121-135. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Quality control validation in veterinary laboratories. Freeman KP, Gruenwaldt J. 1999;28(4):150-155. PubMed ABSTRACT

Receiver-operating characteristic curves and likelihood ratios: improvements over traditional methods for the evaluation and application of veterinary clinical pathology tests. Gardner IA, Greiner M. 2006;35(1):8-17. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Setting standards for veterinary laboratory testing [letter]. Kelly B. 2000;29(3):74. PDF

SNOMED representation of explanatory knowledge in veterinary clinical pathology. Zimmerman KL, Wilcke JR, Robertson JL, Feldman BF, Kaur T, Rees LR, Spackman KA. 2005;34(1):7-16. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Through the use of laboratory methods [editorial]. Stevens JB. 1978;7(2):4-5.

Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM, Lijmer JG, Moher D, Rennie D, de Vet HCW, for the STARD Group. 2007;36(1):8-12. PubMed ABSTRACT

Uniform evaluation and semiquantitative reporting of hematologic data in veterinary laboratories. Weiss DJ. 1984;13(2):27-31.

The usefulness and limitations of hand-held refractometers in veterinary laboratory medicine: an historical and technical review. George JW. 2001;30(4):201-210. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Using the correct regression analysis technique in method comparison studies. Carakostas MC, Green JW. 1991;20(4):91-94. PubMed ABSTRACT

Utilization of an independent quality control software program, EZ Runs™, to monitor quality control procedures for a bench-top coagulation analyzer. Friedrichs KR, Young KM. 2005;34(3):218-223. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Veterinary clinical pathology in industry: 2000 to 2020 [editorial]. Hall RL. 2000;29(3):75-76. PubMed LINK | PD

GENERAL > Reference Values and Biological Variation (back to top)

Activated coagulation times of normal cows. Riley JH, Lassen ED. 1979;8:31-33.

Age-related changes in hematology and plasma chemistry values of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops X Morone saxatilis). Hrubec TC, Smith SA, Robertson JL. 2001;30(1):8-15. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Biological variation of canine serum thyrotropin (TSH) concentration. Iversen L, Lundorff Jensen A, Høier R, Aaes H. 1999;28(1):16-19. PubMed ABSTRACT

Blood chemistry values of juvenile red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). Sakamoto K, Lewbart GA, Smith II TM. 2001;30(2):50-52. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Blood values of juvenile northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) obtained using a portable clinical analyzer. Larsen RS, Haulena M, Grindem CB, Gulland FMD. 2002;31(3):106-110. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Canine and feline hematology reference values for the ADVIA 120 hematology system. Moritz A, Fickenscher Y, Meyer K, Failing K, Weiss DJ. 2004;33(1):32-38. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Characterization and quantification of blood cells from the umbilical cord of dogs. Nakage APM, Santana AE, Cãpua MLB, Godoy AV. 2005;34(4):394-396. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Clinical biochemistry of pregnant and nursing mares. Harvey JW, Pate MG, Kivipelto J, Asquith RL. 2005;34(3):248-254. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: a review. Harr KE. 2002;31(3):140-151. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Diurnal variation of canine blood leukocyte counts. Lilliehöök I. 1997;26(3):113-117. PubMed ABSTRACT

Effect of age on serum chemistry profile, electrophoresis and thyroid hormones in beagle dogs two weeks to one year of age. Wolford ST, Schroer RA, Gohs FX, Gallo PP, Falk HB, Dente AR. 1988;17(2):35-42.

The effects of aging on hematology and serum chemistry values in the beagle dog. Lowseth LA, Gillett NA, Gerlach RF, Muggenburg BA. 1990;19(1):13-19. PubMed ABSTRACT

Evaluation of bone marrow cytology and stainable iron content in healthy adult llamas. Andreasen CB, Gerros TC, Lassen ED. 1994;23(2):38-42. PubMed ABSTRACT

Evaluation of thyroid function in dogs by hormone analysis: effects of data on biological variation. Jensen AL, Hoier R. 1996;25(4):130-134. PubMed ABSTRAC

Feline blood smear [normal 56-day fetus]. Jordan HL, Sellon RK, Laws TA, Tompkins WAF, Grindem CB. 1994;23(4):131-134. PubMed LINKT

Fractional electrolyte excretion in adult cows: establishment of reference ranges and evaluation of seasonal variations. Itoh N. 1989;18(4):86-87.

Hematologic and serum chemistry values of the European brown hare. Marco I, Cuena R, Pastor J, Velarde R, Lavin S. 2003;32(4):195-198. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Hematological characteristics of the BB Wistar rat. Wright JR Jr, Yates AJ, Shan NT, Neff JC, Covey DW, Thibert P. 1983;12(1):9-13.

Hematologic, blood gas, blood chemistry, and serum mineral values for a sample of clinically healthy adult goats. Stevens JB, Anderson KL, Correa MT, Stewart T, Braselton, Jr. WE. 1994;23(1):19-24. PubMed ABSTRACT

Hematologic reference intervals for koi (Cyprinus carpio), including blood cell morphology, cytochemistry, and ultrastructure. Tripathi NK, Latimer KS, Burnley VV. 2004;33(2):74-83. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Hematologic study of red pacu (Colossoma brachypomum). Tocidlowski ME, Lewbart GA, Stoskopf MK. 1997;26(3):119-125. PubMed ABSTRACT

Hematologic values in calves during the first 6 months of life. Brun-Hansen HC, Kampen AH, Lund A. 2006;35(2):182-187. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Hematologic values of the Yucatan miniature pig. Parsons AH, Wells RE. 1989;18(4):90-92.

Hematology and clinical chemistry values of normal and euthymic hairless adult male Dunkin-Hartley guinea pigs (Cavia pocellus). Waner T, Avidar Y, Peh H-C, Zass R, Bogin E. 1996;25(2):61-64. PubMed ABSTRACT

Hematology and clinical chemistry values in pregnant Wistar Hannover rats compared with nonmated controls. Liberati TA, Sansone SR, Feuston MH. 2004;33(2):68-73. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals for cultured Shortnose Sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). Knowles S, Hrubec TC, Smith SA, Bakal RS. 2006;35(4):434-440. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals for cultured tilapia (Oreochromis hybrid). Hrubec TC, Cardinale JL, Smith SA. 2000;29(1):7-12. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Hematology, morphology, cytochemical staining, and ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells in king cobras (Ophiophagus hannah). Salakij C, Salakij J, Apibal S, Narkkong N-A, Chanhome L, Rochanapat N. 2002;31(3):116-126. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Hematology of equine fetuses with comparisons to their dams. Allen AL, Myers SL, Searcy GP, Fretz PB. 1998;27(3):93-100. PubMed ABSTRACT

Hematology of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Medway W, Rathbun GB, Black DJ. 1982;11(2):11-15.

Influence of age, sex, capture technique, and restraint on hematologic measurements and serum chemistries of wild California sea otters. Williams TD, Rebar AH, Teclaw RF, Yoos PE. 1992;21(4):106-110. PubMed ABSTRACT

The intravenous bile acid loading test in the goat: determination of a procedural protocol and reference values. Hagemoser WA. 1989;18(1):17-20.

Measurement of alpha-amylase activity in cat plasma: test of specificity of a chromogenic substrate, reference values. Ouedraogo G, Rico AG, Braun JP. 1992;21(2):47-49. PubMed ABSTRACT

"Normal" or reference values: questions and comments [editorial]. Lumsden JH. 1998;27(4):102-106. PubMed ABSTRACT

Plasma biochemistry reference values of wild bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo. Harms C, Ross T, Segars A. 2002;31(3):111-115. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical constituents and protein electrophoretic fractions in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo). Spagnolo V, Crippa V, Marzia A, Sartorelli P. 2006;35(1):82-87. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Reference values for serum biochemical parameters in free-ranging harp seals. Nordøy ES, Thoresen SI. 2002;31(3):98-105. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Routine hematology and clinical chemistry in female dogs with benign and malignant mammary tumors. Fayolle P, Broulet V, Braun JP, Rico AG, Magnol JP, Thouvenot JP. 1987;16(3):73-75.

Screening coagulation tests in the cat: reference values based on direct venipuncture and catheterized samples. Killingsworth CR, Weiss DJ, Eyster GE, Bartlett PC, Bell TG. 1985;14(3):19-23.

Serum alkaline phosphatase in pregnant mares. Meuten DJ, Kociba G, Threlfall WR, Nagode LA. 1980;9(1):27-30.

Serum bile acids: reference values in healthy dogs and comparison of two kit methods. Counsell LJ, Lumsden JH. 1988;17(3):71-74.

Serum chemistry of free-ranging ringed seals (Pusa hispida) in Svalbard. Tryland M, Krafft BA, Lydersen C, Kovacs KM, Thoresen SI. 2006;35(4):405-412. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Serum chemistry of free-ranging white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Svalbard. Tryland M, Thoresen SI, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C. 2006;35(2):199-203. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Serum enzyme changes in newborn calves fed colostrum. Boyd JW. 1989;18(2):47-51.

Serum protein electrophoresis in retired racing Greyhounds. Fayos M, Couto CG, Iazbik MC, Wellman ML. 2005;34(4):397-400. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Serum protein reference values in foals during the first year of life: comparison of chemical and electrophoretic methods. Bauer JE, Harvey JW, Asquith RL, McNulty PK, Kivipelto J. 1985;14(1):14-22. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

A study of manatee leukocytes using peroxidase stain. Kiehl AR, Schiller CA. 1994;23(2):50-53. PubMed ABSTRACT

GENERAL > Specimen Collection and Processing: Sources of Error and Artifact (back to top)

Alterations in normal canine platelets during storage in EDTA anticoagulated blood. Wilkerson MJ, Shuman W. 2001;30(3):107-113. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Artifactual changes in canine blood following storage, detected using the ADVIA 120 hematology analyzer. Furlanello T, Tasca S, Caldin M, Carli E, Patron C, Tranquillo M, Lubas G, Solano-Gallego L. 2006;35(1):42-46. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Artifactual changes in equine blood following storage, detected using the Advia 120 hematology analyzer. Clark P, Mogg TD, Tvedten HW, Korcal D. 2002;31(2):90-94. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Artifactual effects of hypernatremia and hyponatremia on red cell analytes measured by the Bayer H*1 analyzer. Boisvert AM, Tvedten HW, Scott MA. 1999;28(3):91-96. PubMed ABSTRACT

Artifactual hypoglycemia associated with hemotrophic mycoplasma infection in a lamb. Burkhard MJ, Garry F. 2004;33(4):244-248. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Artifactually increased serum bicarbonate values in two horses and a calf with severe rhabdomyolysis. Collins ND, LeRoy BE, Vap L. 1998;27(3):85-90. PubMed ABSTRACT

Blood precipitate associated with intra-abdominal carboxymethylcellulose administration. Burkhard MJ, Baxter G, Thrall MA. 1996;25(4):114-117. PubMed ABSTRACT

Comparison of amylase and lipase activities in serum and plasma of dogs. Medaille C, Briend-Marchal A. 2004;33(3):155-158. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Comparison of biochemical values in serum and plasma, fresh and frozen plasma and hemolyzed samples from orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). Hawkins MG, Kass PH, Zinkl JG, Tell LA. 2006;35(2):219-225. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Correlation of spurious potassium elevation and platelet count in dogs. Degen MA. 1986;15(3):20-22.

Determination of serum ionized calcium concentration in dairy cattle after frozen anaerobic storage. Roeder BL, Clark FD. 1995;24(2):44-48. PubMed ABSTRACT

The effect of collection site on the cytogram of the BASO/lobularity channel of a hematology system in the mouse. Olin MR, Diters RW, Freden GO. 1997;26(2):63-65. PubMed LINK

Effect of EDTA on morphology of neutrophils of healthy dogs and dogs with inflammation. Gossett KA, Carakostas MC. 1984;13(2):22-25.

Effect of immune-mediated erythrocyte agglutination on analysis of canine blood using a multichannel blood cell counting system. Porter, Jr RE, Weiser MG. 1990;19(2):45-50. PubMed ABSTRACT

Effect of in vitro hemolysis on values for certain porcine serum constituents. Dorner JL, Hoffmann WE, Filipov MM. 1983;12(1):15-19.

Effect of sample preparation on basophilic stippling in bovine blood smears. George JW, Duncan JR. 1981;10(1):37-39.

Effect of specimen collection and storage on blood glucose and lactate concentrations in healthy, hyperthyroid and diabetic cats. Christopher MM, O’Neill S. 2000;29(1):22-28. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Effect of temperature, storage time, and sample type on sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in llama serum and plasma. Tornquist SJ, Dodson L, Lanning DV. 2000;29(1):16-18. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

The effect of three phlebotomy techniques on hematological and clinical chemical evaluation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Suber RL, Kodell RL. 1985;14(1):23-30 PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF.

Effects of blood processing techniques on sodium and potassium values: a comparison between Aldabra tortoises (Geochelone gigantea) and Burmese mountain tortoises (Manouria emys). Abou-Madi N, Jacobson ER. 2003;32(2):61-66. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Effects of delayed serum separation and long-term storage on the measurement of thyroid hormones in equine blood samples. Allen AL, Scott WM, Cook SJ, Fretz PB, Doige CE. 1997;26(1):10-12. PubMed ABSTRACT

Effects of hemolysis on serum chemistry analytes in ratites. Andreasen CB, Andreasen JR, Thomas JS. 1997;26(4):165-171. PubMed ABSTRACT

Effects of IM injections on serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values in dogs. Lewis HB, Rhodes DC. 1978. 7(2):11-12.

Effects of ketamine hydrochloride on serum biochemical and hematologic variables in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Bennett JS, Gossett KA, McCarthy MP, Simpson ED. 1992;21(1):15-18. PubMed ABSTRACT

Effects of storage on serum ionized calcium and pH from horses with normal and abnormal ionized calcium concentrations. Schenck PA, Chew DJ, Brooks CL. 1996;25(4):118-120. PubMed ABSTRACT

Effects of storage time and freezing temperature on clinical chemical parameters from canine serum and heparinized plasma. Thoresen SI, Tverdal A, Havre G, Morberg H. 1995;24(4):129-133. PubMed ABSTRACT

Effects of storage time on chemistry results from canine whole blood, heparinized whole blood, serum and heparinized plasma. Thoresen SI, Havre GN, Morberg H, Mowinckel P. 1992;21(3):88-94. PubMed ABSTRACT

Effects of three methods of restraint on intravenous glucose tolerance testing in Rhesus and African green monkeys. Fulmer R, Loeb WF, Martin DP, Gard EA. 1984;13(1):19-25.

Effects of time, initial composition, and stabilizing agents on the results of canine cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Fry MM, Vernau W, Kass PH, Vernau KM. 2006;35(1):72-77. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Elevated serum potassium associated with delayed separation of serum from clotted blood in dogs of the Akita breed. Rich LJ, Bernreuter DC, Cowell RL. 1986;15(2):12-14.

Evaluation of an automated serum bile acids assay and the effect of bilirubin, hemoglobin, and lipid on the apparent bile acids yield. Solter PF, Hoffmann WE, Hoffman JW. 1992;21(4):114-118. PubMed LINK

Hematologic evaluation of normal and anemic lambs with the Technicon H*1 using EDTA or heparin as anticoagulants. Vatn S, Framstad T, Torsteinbż WO. 2000;29(2):62-68. PubMed ABSTRACT

Hemolysis as a factor in clinical chemistry and hematology of the dog. O'Neill SL, Feldman BF. 1989;18(3):58-68.

The influence of fasting on blood glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and alkaline phosphatase in rats. Waner T, Nyska A. 1994;23(3):7880. PubMed ABSTRACT

Mixed venous and arterial blood in bovine coccygeal vessel samples for blood gas analysis. Tvedten HW, Kopcia M, Haines C. 2000;29(1):4-6. PubMed ABSTRACT

Overestimation of canine albumin concentration with the bromcresol green method in heparinized plasma samples. Stokol T, Tarrant JM, Scarlett JM. 2001;30(4):170-176. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Peripheral blood from a 10-year-old quarter horse with acute abdominal discomfort [heparin-induced erythrocyte agglutination]. Tvedten HW, Tetens J. 1996;25(1):5, 27-28. PubMed LINK

Peripheral blood from a young lorikeet [osteoclasts]. Clark P, Tvedten HW. 1999;28(2):71, 74. PubMed LINK

Potential effects of glucocorticoids on serum iron concentration in dogs. Harvey JW, Levin DE, Chen CL. 1987;16(2):46-50.

Screening coagulation tests in the cat: reference values based on direct venipuncture and catheterized samples. Killingsworth CR, Weiss DJ, Eyster GE, Bartlett PC, Bell TG. 1985;14(3):19-23.

Serum chemistry results from a 7-year-old mixed breed dog [bromide toxicity]. Barger A, Grindem CB. 1997;26(4):164, 171. PubMed LINK

Spurious elevation of serum potassium in two cases of thrombocythemia. Mandell CP, Degen MA, Hopper PE, Zinkl JG. 1988;17(2):32-33.

Spurious hyperphosphatemia in a dog with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and an IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Kristensen AT, Klausner JS, Weiss DJ, Schultz RD, Bell FW. 1991;20(2):45-48. PubMed ABSTRACT

Spurious platelet effects on erythrocyte indices using the CELL-DYN 3500 automated hematology system. Green RA. 1999;28(2):47-49. PubMed ABSTRACT

Stability of hemostatic proteins in canine fresh frozen plasma units. Wardrop KJ, Brooks MB. 2001;30(2):91-95. PubMed ABSTRACT | PDF

Stability of selected hematology variables in canine blood kept at room temperature in EDTA for 24 and 48 hours. Médaille C, Briend-Marchal A, Braun JP. 2006;35(1):18-23. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Stability of sorbitol dehydrogenase activity in bovine and equine sera. Horney BS, Honor DJ, MacKenzie A, Burton S. 1993;22(1):5-9. PubMed ABSTRACT

Stability of stored canine plasma for hemostasis testing. Furlanello T, Caldin M, Stocco A, Tudone E, Tranquillo V, Lubas G, Solano-Gallego L. 2006;35(2):204-207. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Temporal effects of 3 commonly used anticoagulants on hematologic and biochemical variables in blood samples from macaws and Burmese pythons. Harr KE, Raskin RE, Heard DJ. 2005;34(4):383-388. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

Use of the ADVIA 120 for differentiating extracellular and intracellular hemoglobin. March H, Barger A, McCullough S, Schaeffer D, MacWilliams P. 2005;34(2):106-109. PubMed ABSTRACT | FullText/PDF

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